{"id":41908,"date":"2023-12-22T17:00:17","date_gmt":"2023-12-22T16:00:17","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/mag.bynez.com\/?p=41908"},"modified":"2023-12-27T21:03:13","modified_gmt":"2023-12-27T20:03:13","slug":"nez-x-gdr-o3-cracking-the-combinatorial-odour-code","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/mag.bynez.com\/en\/nez-x-gdr-o3-en\/nez-x-gdr-o3-cracking-the-combinatorial-odour-code\/","title":{"rendered":"Nez x GDR O3 \u2013 Cracking the combinatorial odour code"},"content":{"rendered":"    <div id=\"chapo-block_55b10cec9651e21e95344e0765ffae72\" class=\"chapo\">\r\n        <blockquote class=\"chapo-blockquote\">\r\n            <span class=\"chapo-text\"><p>We recently announced the launch of <a href=\"https:\/\/mag.bynez.com\/en\/nez-x-gdr-o3-en\/nathalie-mandairon-various-unique-projects-have-been-launched-thanks-to-gdr-o3\/\">a partnership between GDR O3 and Nez<\/a>. It gives us the perfect opportunity to offer you a regular round-up of the studies resulting from the work undertaken by the research group and its team of scientists from every field with a common focus: odour in all its forms.<br \/>\nThe idea? Nez reads the scientific publications, and offers you a simpler, more accessible but still precise version.<br \/>\nToday, let&#8217;s take a geek&#8217;s journey to the heart of olfactory receptors, sources of unexpected hope, with J\u00e9r\u00e9mie Topin, Assistant professor at Universit\u00e9 C\u00f4te d&#8217;Azur, and Matej Hladis, PhD student, both members of GDR O3.<\/p>\n<\/span>\r\n        <\/blockquote>\r\n        <style type=\"text\/css\">\r\n            #chapo-block_55b10cec9651e21e95344e0765ffae72 {\r\n                background: ;\r\n                color: ;\r\n            }\r\n        <\/style>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n    \n\n\n<p>Olfactory perception is a complex process triggered when volatile molecules enter into contact with our olfactory epithelium. This contains sensory neurons with proteins specialised in recognising odorous substances: olfactory receptors. Their role is to convert chemical signals sent by odour molecules into nerve signals which are then interpreted by our brain as odours.<br>Each odorous molecule is recognised by a specific group of olfactory receptors, and each receptor can recognise several molecules, creating a \u201ccombinatorial odour code.\u201d This theory was developed by Linda B. Buck and Richard Axel, who won a Nobel Prize in 2004. The sophisticated process based on the identification of molecules by a subset of olfactory receptors would allow us to perceive over a trillion odours. However, the recognition spectrum of 43% of olfactory receptors remains unknown and the complete combinatorial code has only been determined for a handful of odorants.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A team from the Institut de Chimie de Nice (Universit\u00e9 C\u00f4te d\u2019Azur) recently made a major breakthrough by using artificial intelligence to decipher the combinatorial code of odours. They built a vast open access<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_41908_1('footnote_plugin_reference_41908_1_1');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_41908_1('footnote_plugin_reference_41908_1_1');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_41908_1_1\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[1]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_41908_1_1\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">M2OR: M. Lalis, M. Hladi\u0161,<em> et. al.<\/em> A Database of Olfactory Receptor-Odorant Pairs for Understanding the Molecular Mechanisms of Olfaction, <em>Nucleic Acid Research<\/em>, accepted.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_41908_1_1').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_41908_1_1', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> database called M2OR by compiling the results of odorant and receptor pairings from scientific publications over the past 25 years, totalling 51,410&nbsp;pairs.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_41908_1('footnote_plugin_reference_41908_1_2');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_41908_1('footnote_plugin_reference_41908_1_2');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_41908_1_2\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[2]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_41908_1_2\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">https:\/\/m2or.chemsensim.fr\/ ; Maxence Lalis, Matej Hladi\u0161, Samar Abi Khalil, Lo\u00efc Briand, S\u00e9bastien Fiorucci, J\u00e9r\u00e9mie Topin, M2OR: a database of olfactory receptor\u2013odorant pairs for&nbsp;&#x2026; <span class=\"footnote_tooltip_continue\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_41908_1('footnote_plugin_reference_41908_1_2');\">Continue reading<\/span><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_41908_1_2').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_41908_1_2', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> Using an artificial intelligence model based on graphical neural networks (computer models based on the functioning of biological neurons, designed to solve complex problems and used in deep learning, a branch of machine learning), the team&nbsp; succeeded in predicting the combinatorial codes of all 400 olfactory receptors for the 6,000 known odour molecules. <a href=\"https:\/\/openreview.net\/forum?id=q9VherQJd8_\">The results of this study have been published in the annual journal: <em>International Conference on Learning Representations<\/em><\/a>. Although the model is still under development, it has demonstrated performance equivalent&nbsp; to that of functional laboratory tests.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>As well as providing a better&nbsp; understanding of how the sense of smell works, these results could also have applications in pharmacology. So-called olfactory receptors&nbsp; do more than just perceive odours: they are found in other parts of the body (such as the skin, lungs and sperm), play a role in regulating various metabolic functions, and are also detected in cancer cells. A better understanding of how they work could make them effective drug targets.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Contacts: J\u00e9r\u00e9mie.topin@univ-cotedazur.fr ; Matej.hladis@univ-cotedazur.fr<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>More about GDR O3 on its website: https:\/\/www.gdr-o3.cnrs.fr\/<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Main visual: \u00a9 Ad\u00e8le Ch\u00e9vara<\/em><\/p>\n<div class=\"speaker-mute footnotes_reference_container\"> <div class=\"footnote_container_prepare\"><p><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_reference_container_label pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_41908_1();\">Notes<\/span><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button\" style=\"display: none;\" onclick=\"footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_41908_1();\">[<a id=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_41908_1\">+<\/a>]<\/span><\/p><\/div> <div id=\"footnote_references_container_41908_1\" style=\"\"><table class=\"footnotes_table footnote-reference-container\"><caption class=\"accessibility\">Notes<\/caption> <tbody> \r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_41908_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_41908_1_1');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_41908_1_1\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>1<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">M2OR: M. Lalis, M. Hladi\u0161,<em> et. al.<\/em> A Database of Olfactory Receptor-Odorant Pairs for Understanding the Molecular Mechanisms of Olfaction, <em>Nucleic Acid Research<\/em>, accepted.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_41908_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_41908_1_2');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_41908_1_2\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>2<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/m2or.chemsensim.fr\/<\/span> ; Maxence Lalis, Matej Hladi\u0161, Samar Abi Khalil, Lo\u00efc Briand, S\u00e9bastien Fiorucci, J\u00e9r\u00e9mie Topin, M2OR: a database of olfactory receptor\u2013odorant pairs for understanding the molecular mechanisms of olfaction, Nucleic Acids Research, 2023; <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/nar\/gkad886<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n <\/tbody> <\/table> <\/div><\/div><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> function footnote_expand_reference_container_41908_1() { jQuery('#footnote_references_container_41908_1').show(); jQuery('#footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_41908_1').text('\u2212'); } function footnote_collapse_reference_container_41908_1() { jQuery('#footnote_references_container_41908_1').hide(); jQuery('#footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_41908_1').text('+'); } function footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_41908_1() { if (jQuery('#footnote_references_container_41908_1').is(':hidden')) { footnote_expand_reference_container_41908_1(); } else { footnote_collapse_reference_container_41908_1(); } } function footnote_moveToReference_41908_1(p_str_TargetID) { footnote_expand_reference_container_41908_1(); var l_obj_Target = jQuery('#' + p_str_TargetID); if (l_obj_Target.length) { jQuery( 'html, body' ).delay( 0 ); jQuery('html, body').animate({ scrollTop: l_obj_Target.offset().top - window.innerHeight * 0.2 }, 380); } } function footnote_moveToAnchor_41908_1(p_str_TargetID) { footnote_expand_reference_container_41908_1(); var l_obj_Target = jQuery('#' + p_str_TargetID); if (l_obj_Target.length) { jQuery( 'html, body' ).delay( 0 ); jQuery('html, body').animate({ scrollTop: l_obj_Target.offset().top - window.innerHeight * 0.2 }, 380); } }<\/script>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Let&#8217;s take a geek&#8217;s journey to the heart of olfactory receptors, sources of unexpected hope, with J\u00e9r\u00e9mie Topin, Assistant professor at Universit\u00e9 C\u00f4te d&#8217;Azur, and Matej Hladis, PhD student, both members of GDR 03.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":12139,"featured_media":41897,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"pmpro_default_level":"","_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"mc4wp_mailchimp_campaign":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[677,7500,1415,1418],"tags":[7413,936,7502,7503,7506,3245,5960],"series":[],"ppma_author":[2930],"class_list":["post-41908","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-news","category-nez-x-gdr-o3-en","category-olfactory-culture","category-science-en","tag-cote-dazur-university","tag-gdro3-en","tag-jeremie-topin","tag-matej-hladis","tag-medicine","tag-neuroscience-en","tag-non-classifiee-en-12","pmpro-has-access"],"pp_statuses_selecting_workflow":false,"pp_workflow_action":"current","pp_status_selection":"publish","pp_post_mime_type":"","acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.3 - 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